PSYCHOTHERAPY

Psychotherapy is an independent discipline, which differs from both psychiatry and psychology. In EU countries it is formulated according to Strasbourg declaration (1990) as “special discipline from the humanities sphere, occupation of which is free and independent profession; psychotherapeutic education demands a high level of theoretical and clinical preparedness; a variety of therapeutic methods is guaranteed; education in the area of one of psychotherapeutic methods must be realized integrally; include theory, personal therapeutic experience and practice under the direction of supervisor; at the same time broad ideas about another methods are being received; the access to such education is possible on condition of broad preliminary preparation, particularly in the humanities and social sciences sphere”. In Ukraine officially only the doctor, who has got preparation by profession “psychiatry” and has passed further retraining in psychotherapy, can be occupied with psychotherapy. At the same time the word “psychotherapist” is often used to denote the people, who have received education in area of one of psychotherapeutic practice methods. Usually these are people with higher psychological education. It is made by analogy with European countries, where the psychotherapeutic training is a separate kind of education, which is not attached to medical or psychological higher education. There are a lot of methods in modern psychotherapy. To the main directions of modern psychotherapy that are used in resort practice belong:

Art–therapy is a psychotherapy method, which uses artistic methods and creative work for treatment and psychocorrection, such as drawing, modeling, music, photography, films, books, acting technique, story-making and so on. The problems spectrum, by solving which the art-therapy technique can be used, is broad enough: intrinsic and interpersonal conflicts, existential and age crises- traumas, losses, stressful disorders, neurotic disorders, psychosomatic disorders; creativity development, personality’s integrity development, revelation of personal senses through creative work. Art–therapy works effectively with adults, children and youth` consultation and therapy. This method has no restrictions and contraindications. To the main kinds of art-therapy belong: biblio therapy, tale therapy, mask therapy, drama therapy, work with clay, sand therapy, music therapy, colour therapy, photo therapy, video therapy, origami, play therapy, isotherapy, drawing and other forms of creative self-expression.

Play therapy is a kind of psychotherapy, in which a specially trained play therapeutist uses a therapeutic action of play in order to help an adult or a child to overcome psychological and social problems, which complicate personal and emotional development. Treatment is considered to be effective when a child is appeared capable to play easily and with pleasure. Depending on theoreticalmodel, which a play therapeutist uses, there are psychoanalytically oriented play therapy, nondirective, behavioral, reacting therapy, ecosystem therapy and the others.

Corporally-oriented psychotherapy is a sphere of psychotherapy, which includes scores of schools and directions, whish are united under general look on corporal(physiological) functions as essential part of integral personality together with mental and energy phenomena. The corporal psychotherapy was initiated by V.Rayh, I. Rolf, F. Aleksander, O.Louen. Psychocorrection of evident mental, physiological or energy abnormalities is performed with the help of corporal contact procedures and/or use of corporal functions (respiration, movement, body dead-load stress and the others).

Cognitive psychotherapy is one from directions in psychotherapy’s modern cognitive- behavioral approach, which was elaborated by A.Back. It relies on principle of cognitive processes` determinant role (and in the first place thinking) in appearing of all kinds of psychological problems and mental abnormalities (for example, depression).

Existential psychotherapy isadirection in philosophy (S. Kierkegaard) and psychology (L.Binswanger), which is concentrated not on the study of person’s mentality manifestations, but on his life in indissolubleconnection with the world and other people. And at the same time high emphasis is placed on the basic elements of existence: love, death, loneliness, freedom, responsibility, belief and so on. This method helps to cope with depressions, fears, loneliness, dependences, workaholism, compulsive thoughts and actions, spiritual bankruptcy and suicide behavior, grief, emotional experience of losses and finiteness of existence, crises and misfortunes, indecision and loss of life’s reference points, loss of life fullness feeling and the others. The aim of therapy is full, rich and sensible existence as much as possible.

Psychoanalysis is a group of psychological theories and methods, which are directed to organic explanation of unconscious connections through associative process. It is connected with such names as S. Freud, A. Adler, K.Jung, E.Fromm. The fundamental subjects of psychoanalysis are unconscious behaviour motives, that originate in latent sexual disorders. They come out through free associations, that are expressed by patient. The aim of psychoanalysis- to release a patient from latent(unconscious) transference and resistance mechanisms, namely from relation models, that are left and unfit, or that create conflicts in wishes realization and adaptation for society.

Gestalt therapy is a direction in psychotherapy, the main ideas and methods were elaborated by F. Perlz. The main idea of this method is based on the mentality ability to self-regulation, on the organism creative adaptation to environment and on the principle of person responsibility for all his actions, intentions and expectations. The main role of therapeutist is to focus the client’s attention on realizing of the thing, what is happening “here and now”, limitation of attempts to interpret the events, attention to feelings-indicators of needs, personal client’s responsibility for both needs realization and prohibition of their realization.

Nondirective hypnosis is a modern direction in hypnotherapy, it was proposed by M.Erickson. It is oriented on individual approach, first of all, indirect action is used, which is applied very often in both psychotherapy and everyday life: pedagogics, advertising, marketing, psychological consultation. In contrast to classic hypnosis, where the hypnotist conducts himself with confidence and evidently dominates, making his client act under behaviour model, which is set by him, in case of indirect hypnosis the hypnotist’s opportunity to act under his client comes to the forefront. Fundamental difference of approach consists in this thing.

Alternative traditional and non-traditional methods.

The long-term experience of physicochemical factors` use in medical practice, scientific research on their use substantiation in medicine and mechanism of action revelation gave new facts and impelled to development of new directions in medical rehabilitation. It is known, that such main features are characteristic to modern medicine: narrowspecialization, well-developed pharmacotherapy with domination of the latter in inadequate functions` correction and surgery high achievements. Undoubtedly, it’s impossible not to take into account the enormous significance of pharmacotherapy in fight with epidemics, sharp processes, cardiovascular diseases and the others. But “pharmacological oversaturation” leads to well-known complications, and the best masterly surgical operation needs further medical rehabilitation, which demands other methods. It’s not accidentally, that in west countries appeared a special term “alternative medicine”, that is not only pharmacotherapy, especially in chronic diseases treatment. The methods of alternative medicine are predominantly the methods with physical factors` use (acupuncture– chinese physiotherapy, chiropractic, manual therapy, phytotherapy, massage and in last years-physiopuncture and the others).

The main schools and methods of alternative medicine are:

• treatment-sanitary systems of China (Acupuncture, Qigong), India (Ayurveda), Korea(Su Jok), Japan (Reiki) and other east countries;
• traditional schools of European naturopathy and behavioral therapy- regimen, way of life (V.Pristnits, S.Kneipp, I. Scrot, H.Benjamin and the others);
• national Slavonian medicine (steam bath, treatment with honey, clay, sand);
• phytotherapy, aromatherapy with plants` essential oils (inhalations, bathes, massage);
• dietotherapy (vegetarianism, food biologically active additions, macrobiotics, purifying therapy);
• metalotherapy, treatment with minerals, stones (lithotherapy), permanent magnets;
• music therapy, dance, rhythmic and sound therapy;
• homoeopathy (S. Hahnemann), diagnostics and treatment by R. Voll, homotoxicology (H. Reckeweg);
• biologically reverse connection, bioresonance therapy;
• faunotherapy (hirudotherapy, apitherapy, hypotherapyand kumiss therapy, delphinotherapy).

A considerable part of alternative medicine methods is based on world outlook positions and national archetypes, a lot of them are caused by specific natural-geographic, ethno-cultural, socio-economic factors. Globalization and informational progress contribute to increase of interest to natural methods, that have been formed in different parts of our planet. Within the limits of integration tendencies, parallel to strict standards of proved medicine, East sanitary systems become more and more attractive, and also traditional schools of European naturopathy. In the present aspect one should examine treatment-sanitary systems of different regions, including the traditions of native medicine as alternative to medical technologies` strict standards, often such that reflect only the interests of certain commercial structures. Taking into consideration the magnitude of traditions and physical medical means` effectiveness, which have been reasoned by prolonged empiric observations, the mentioned methods are determined in the general structure of modern official medicine as “complementary methods”. The use of complementary methods allows to use more completely the whole range of treatment and preventive measures and contributes to achievement of the main medical aim- the increase of person’s life quality, his creative and spiritual potential. Along with that there is a row of not well grounded and very often unhealthy means, that have turned aside a lot of patients from proved by medicine treatment methods of different diseases, the same way as services advertising, which are proposed by healers with indicating hundreds of diseases, that are treated without doctor’s help. The doctor’s responsibility is sharply high for speculative innovations, doubtful “nonmedicamentous methods”` propaganda, erroneous methods and knowledge. The inevitable result of such situations are neglected cases and lethal outcomes of patients, which have been abandoned by healers in incurable stages of diseases.

In native medical practice among traditional alternative methods the greatest development became physiopuncture, which belongs to number of the basic methods, which are used in official doctor’s speciality “reflexotherapy” and “physiotherapy”, which are confirmed by Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine.

Phisiopuncture (puncture phisiotherapy) is a method, in which the treatment is connected with use of factors for influence on biologically active organism points. The puncture phisiotherapy mechanism of action consists in complete reflex (local, segmental, subcortically-cortical) reactions, which enlist brain central sections, including reticular formation, subcortically-cortical structures, limbic system and cortical formations. Phisiopuncturepromotes balance recovery of the main nervous processes, neurovegetative correlations (neurohumoral mechanism) with improvement of adaptive, protective and compensatory organism reactions. This therapy, having an influence on many chronic diseases pathogenesis, contributes to diminution or liquidation of disease manifestations, especially in stages of functional abnormalities with organism resistance increase on the whole. In phisiopuncture, along with classic acupuncture (reflexotherapy), the new methodical approaches are being developed (organ, neural, metameric- receptor), greatly increased a number of factors, which influence the acupuncture points: electro puncture, laser puncture, EHF(extremely high frequencies)-puncture and the others, that give grounds to general name of these methods-“phisiopuncture”.

Indications for phisiopuncture.

1. Peripheral nervous system diseases with sensitive and movement disorders- radiculitis, neuritis, neuralgia, plexitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, electropuncture, electroacupuncture, laserpuncture, irritation with bunch of needles, point and cupping-glass massage, searing, acupuncture franklinization, tsubotherapy, microneedles).
2. Neuroses-neurasthenia, obsessional neurosis, anxiety neurosis, sexual abnormalities, neurasthenic syndromes, night enuresis, hiccup, logoneurosis, dyskinesia, tics, blepharospasm, tremor and the others (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,irritation with bunch of needles, point massage, EHF-therapy).
3. Toxicomanias, tobaccosmoking (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, electroacupuncture, laserpuncture).
4. Gastrointestinal tract diseases – gullet, stomach, intestine, biliary tracts functional abnormalities; stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer, clip (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing, irritation with bunch of needles, resonance EHF-therapy, laserpuncture, microneedles).
5. Vessels and circulatory system diseases - arterial hypertension of the 1^st-2^nd stage, CHD of the 1^st-2^nd functional class, hypotonia, atherosclerosis` early stage, obliterating thrombangiitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, laserpuncture, irritation with bunch of needles,point massage).
6. Diseases of musculoskeletal system, joints, muscles of metabolic, rheumatic, traumatic origin (classic acupuncture, ultrasonic radiation, laserpuncture, electropuncture, point and cupping-glass massage, tsubotherapy, searing, magnetotherapy).
7. Bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic tracheitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, point and cupping-glass massage, microacupuncture).
8. Skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue diseases – eczema, neurodermatitis, skin itch, perianal itch, genital itch, hives (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing, laserpuncture).
9. Ear diseases - Ménière's disease, cochlear neuritis, chronic vasomotor and allergic rhinitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, searing).
10. Endocrine abnormalities- diabetes mellitus, climacteric disorders, primary thyrotoxicosis, adiposity (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing,irritation with bunch of needles).
11. Vegetative nervous system diseases- solar plexitis, migraine, vegetovascular paroxysm, Raynaud's disease, facial sympathalgia, sympathicoganglionitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing,electropuncture, point massage).
12. Gynaecological disorders – hormone female sterility, menstrual cycle abnormalities, chronic salpingoophoritis, ovarian dysfunction (classic acupuncture, searing, electropuncture from posirive pole, auriculopuncture).

Relative indications: stroke residual (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,irritation with bunch of needles, craniopuncture, point massage), hypothalamic syndrome with neuroendocrinal and trophic abnormalities (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture, laserpuncture); pain syndromes by urinogenital sphere deseases, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic pancreatitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing); Parkinson's disease, cerebral poliomyelitis (classic acupuncture, auriculopuncture,searing, scalptherapy,irritation with bunch of needles, electropuncture, laserpuncture, point massage). To the main phisiopuncture methods belong acupuncture, searing, multineedle massage, acupressure, magneto-, metallo-, sono-, photo-, electropuncture and the other methods, in which different physical factors are used.

Acupuncture (classic acupuncture) andsearing/chzhen-tszyu therapy (from chinese chzhen- acupuncture, tszyu-searing) are the methods, that appeared in Eastern folk medicine, justified themselves during ages and didn’t loose magnitude to present day. The acupuncture method wide use practically in all sections of clinical medicine witnesses this fact. In many country’s clinics and resorts the acupuncture is combined successfully with medical therapy, physiotherapy procedures, psychotherapy; it’s a constituent part of complex treatment and sick rehabilitation. Such approach is the most rational and promising, because it gives the opportunity to decrease essentially a drug dose. By combining acupuncture with many remedies a peculiar synergism is observed. The advantage of this method is a procedure simplicity, economy and absence of allergic reactions or any other serious complications.

Multineedle massage is an irritation with a bunch of needles (mei-khua-chzhen). This method is not so painful as an acupuncture, and it’s easier to dose it. The weak irritation is not followed by the feeling of pain. After this procedure occurs only light, unstable erythema. The average irritation accompanies with a minor pain, which passes off at once after the séance; but it is typical more considerable and lasting erythema. The strong irritation accompanies with a feeling of pain; in the places of influence, in addition to the lasting erythema, occurs dotted haemorrhage, which disappears in a few days. The peculiar variant of the multineedle irritation is the application of needles – the influence on definite areas of skin with help of laying on the flexible plates of different size with fixed needles on them. The advantage of usage of the method of irritation with a bunch of needles and the application of needles is the possibility of its domiciliary realization after the short course. The peculiarities of action: whole incentive, sedative, vegetative-trophic.

Acupressure (pressure point massage) – the irritation of mechanoreceptors by finger pressure or with the help of different massagers – magnetic-ebonite sticks or cones in areas of the acupuncture. The pressure point massage can be used independently and it can be the component of common or segmental massage. It has high performance as a general health-improving and pain-relieving aid and it could be recommended for implementation by sick person or by his near relatives for the purpose of prevention.

Magnetopuncture – medicative influence over points of the acupuncture by laying on the magnetophors or micro magnets. And of course it should be done higher or lower than zone of pain location or it should be done on most painful part of the body from a few hours to a week at capacity from a few mT to 30-50 mT. The peculiarities of action: anti-inflammatory, antiedematous, vascular- trophic; it improves microcirculation and rheological qualities of blood.

Metal puncture - usage of different metallic plates, laying them on raws. Copper, silver, rare steel plates and plates, which are made from other kinds of metal, are used in this case. They could be different in size and thickness (sizes of the plate are determined against zone of their laying on). The duration of using and methods of laying on is almost the same as for magnetophors. For example, in France silver foil is used, in Japan – laying on the metallic balls 10-30 mm in diameter on points of the acupuncture (of course, after the acupuncture). The medicinal effect in case of usage of the metallic plates is explained by the appearance of micro current between skin (on its surface charge is “-“) and metal (“+”). It is possible the combination of the electrochemical effect, which strengthen the medicinal procedure. The indications are different, but more frequent this method is used to treat chronic diseases, which are accompanied by the pain syndrome in childhood and old age. The variety of themetal puncture is tsubo–therapy – it is a way of a permanent influence over the mechanoreceptors by the way of laying on and fixation in zone of the acupuncture of balls, made of the noncorrosive steel 1-3mm in diameter ( for acupuncture points - a little smaller). To strength the therapeutic effect patient should periodically press the balls. Usually, balls are laid on those points, in which the needles have been injected after their removing.

Ultraphonopuncture – it is usage of the high-frequency acoustic energy on the acupuncture’s points. This energy is created by the ultrasonic devices. One can use ultrasound with frequency, which is usual in a physiotherapeutic practice: 0.8-2.7 MHz, power 0.1-1 watt/cm². In recent years the low-frequency ultrasound with frequency 22, 44, 60 and 100 kHz is used to influence on CAT. Meanwhile, the high-frequency ultrasonics (2.7 MHz) is used to tope up necessary points; mid- frequency (0.8 MHz)- is used for the harmonization; low- frequency – for the sedative influence. In V.S. Ulashchyk (1986) and М. Dyson opinion, the main importance in the mechanism of action of the ultrasonic on man’s organism has the mechanical effect, which is provoked by the live acoustic pressure; caloriferic effect, which is connected with a conversion of acoustic energy into heat; physicochemical effect, which is conditioned by the action on biochemical and biophysical processes. The peculiarities of action: anti-inflammatory, anaesthetic, biodegradable, general health-improving.

Pharmacopuncture is a reflexotherapy with a medicamental influence. Aquapuncture (injections of the distilled water) also refers to this method, as well as mesotherapy (injections in skin for the cosmetic purpose) and prolotherapy (injection of sclerotic substances in articulate tissues). The thin hollow needle is injected to a necessary depth. It is injected till a person feels foreseen feelings. After this the medicinal substance – 0.3-0.5 milliliters on each point - is injected through the needle (for auricular points 0,1millilitre). Nowadays, there are a number of modifications for this method, including the injection of medicinal substances not only in acupuncture, but also in painful points (trigger points) and in certain meromes. It depends on the pathology of viscera. It is also possible the non-needle method of the pharmacopuncture, it is an injection of medicinal substances in acupuncture area by the mechanical injector. It is used the microelectrophoresis with different medicinal substances and the acupuncture point’s preparation with certain irritable substances. Choose of substance and its doze depends on kind of pathology. For example, in case of motor abnormality one can use proserin, in case of pain syndrome – Novocain. Microinjections of blockers Ca²⁺ canals diminish plasticity of muscles very much. Generally, it is more reasonable to inject the majority of medicine in biologically active points (irritate, biogenic and enzymatic substances, analgesic, with vitamins added medicine, biogenic stimulators, mediators and so on), because the pharmacopuncture permanent stimulates the acupuncture point in case of its infiltration by the medicinal substance.

Sonopuncture is an influence on acupuncture points by the sonic waves of different range on basis of theory of circadian rhythms, which exist for every organism. This method was proposed by J. Lamy, 1967). Sounds in range of sensitivity go from the sound generator to the membrane with a spitted rod, which works as a camertone and stimulates blood pressure by the sonic massage. But one understands the sound influence not as a mechanical massage, but as an influence of different audio frequencies on certain organs and psyche (Е. Schick, 1983): the note C influences mainly on gastric motility, spleen, pancreatic gland; D – on gallbladder and liver; E – has not influence on certain organs; F – influences on urino-genital system; G – on cardiac function, on functions of blood vessels and small intestine; A – on lungs and kidneys; B – on the functional system of heat production. Low sounds influence on caudal part of body, high – on upperparts, including head. The interval and loudness are also important. The disharmony is not acceptable (Е. Schick, 1983). Nowadays Russia produces apparatus “Витофон”, and its usage legal in Ukraine. This apparatus generates audio frequency micro vibration from 30 Hz to 15 kHz, and this micro vibration is changing pending the whole procedure. The methodology of treatment is close to the vibratory massage.

Electropuncture and electroacupuncture are thevarieties of physiopuncture, when the influence on acupuncture points is implemented by the current as a surface electrostimulation through skin (electropuncture) and as a deep electrostimulation by needle’s injection (electroacupuncture). Equipment: “Рефлекс-301”, “МИТ-1 ЭТ”, “МИТ-1”. The main electrostimulation parameters of acupuncture points: the voltage of apparatus’ exit doesn’t exceed10-12 V, but the regulation of intensity is realized not by the voltage, but by the current strength – from 0 to 500 microampere (in some cases to 1-2 mA). One uses direct (galvanic) and alternating current. By the datum of many authors, the strength of current for the part of the head should not exceed 50 microampere, and for other parts –no more than 100 microampere on conditions that the patient survives this procedure good). Peculiarities of effect: on biologically active points, in consideration of anode effect (inhibitory method) and cathode effect (irritable method); common effect – sedative, anaesthetic, completely stimulated effect subject to the strength and frequency of current.

Photopuncture is an effect of the acupuncture by the different kinds of radiation. In the medicine practice it was know for a long times the medicinal influence of radial energy (first of all solar) on the person’s organism condition: ultraviolet radiation of acupuncture points positively influences on disease passing (bronchial asthma, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, radicular syndrome, skin diseases,hemolytic anemia treatment of newborns).

Laser puncture is the influence on acupuncture point by the laser emission. Very often under-powered lasers are used for the laser puncture, which generate radiation in red (wavelength is 632.8 nm) and infrared (820-980 nm) parts of spectrum. The laser puncture is used in continuous and in pulsed regimen of radiation. The oriented quantities of current order density are 5 milliwatt/ cm² (max 50 milliwatt/cm² ) on one corporeal point and 2 milliwatt/ cm² on the auricular point.

EHF-puncture (extremely high frequencies) is that method, when millimeter waves from 1 to 10 mm are used medicinally according the traditional eastern medicine. There are different names of this method in literature: microwave resonance therapy (MRT), information-waved therapy (IWT), millimeter-wave therapy (MMWT), EHF-therapy. The influence of the nonthermal electromagnetic radiation in one-millimeter- long diapason on blood pressure lays in the work of MRT. Even so the electromagnetic radiation of certain resonance frequency imitates signals, which organism produces. This influence helps to reduce the defective functional systems of organism and it has a great therapeutic effect. The resonance character of energy absorption during stimulation defines development of the anti-inflammatory, antiedematous, analgesic, regenerating effect and so on.

Thermopuncture (cauterization, heating) – it is the heat source usage with a limited thermic square effect of the distance and contact types. The example of the distance thermopuncture is a wormwood cigarette heating – it is one of the convenient types of the thermopuncture. Last time on the acupuncture areas one often uses electrothermal equipment for the local and measured influence by the contact method. Thermopuncture is a safe method, but one should use it carefully on face, neck area, on back of the head, near big vessels, on hairy parts of body.

Cryopuncture – cryogenic (cold) effect on acupuncture points by special metallic cones, in which one puts ice. Sometimes uses one the dispersion of special solutions. Patients endure the crypopuncture well. This method is effective for pain syndromes, spastic paresis, hypertension. The usage of the crypopuncture in pediatrics is more reasonable for the cerebral spastic infantile paralysis – it reduces high muscle tone. Nowadays takes place the active development of methods, which based on modern alternative equipment technologies, but they had not got detailed approval for the present. Anyway they were used on practice and they were also used as innovation in medicine. Among these methods the most popular are the method of biological feedback, bioresonance therapy, tincture diagnostic methods.

Biological feedback (BFB) is a treatment mode with equipment, which is used to register, intensify and demonstrate to the patient the information about his viscera action and systems. All these show datum of biological potency of brain, heart, different muscles and respiratory apparatus. Principles of BFB method: with the computer technologies people have a possibility to see and feel how their viscera work, and than according to this information, the doctor teaches a person physiologically right skills, which provide viscera thorough work. Thanks to the information, which was received by the technical methods, the patient can do exercises in optimum way. The patient studies to control his breath, bronchus lumen, pulse, arterial pressure, brain activity, activity of muscles, psycho emotional condition. To control our organism – it is a revolutionary breakthrough in a close till nowadays sphere of human’s possibilities – the deliberate control sphere of health’s mechanisms. After the BFB course patient successfully masters skills of self-control and self-perfection, he can use it in any situation at work and in everyday life. Methodology: on the first stage takes place session of the computerized diagnostics for the whole organism, simultaneously the doctor registers ECG, electromyogram, EEG, fixes the agreement of work of respiratory apparatus and cardiovascular system, muscular tonus, makes quantitative test of the brain’s electrobiological activity, sees organism’s spare capacities and adaptative potential. Then, according to the framed algorithm of treatment, take place BFB therapeutic sessions. The methodology recommends from 10 to 20 BFB sessions. Ventral relaxation breathing aging by the method of special heart and breath training to correct the vegetative organism’s abnormalities. As a result, the patient masters skills of ventral relaxation breath type with a maximal cardiac arrhythmia (MCA) – Smetankin’s method of breath – the most effective method to normalize work of ventral nervous system (VNS) and to reach the coordinated activity of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Special computer program helps to master this treatment-and- correction type of breath. This program is installed in algorithm of the computer simulator. The BFB registers not only MCA, but also lets train the diaphragmatic relaxational type of breath with a maximal MCA, in consideration of this takes place the inner reserves’ activation of organism’s health, switch on the mechanisms of self-control and self-perfection of psychological physical condition. The training of muscle relaxation to lower the neuromuscular stress. The computer simulator BFB transforms bioelectric activity of trained muscles (for example, trapezoid or front muscle) into visible and tangible for patient signals of visual and sonic feedback. Patient works out skills of straight relaxation for the trapezoid or other muscle, controls the level of its activity according the chain of the visual and sonic feedback. It is possible to realize special BFB trainings to strength different muscles. Indication: maintenance of high working capacity, betterment of intellectual and mental activity, tiredness and overstrain exclusion, tension, alarm and anxiety exclusion, prevention of stress development, neurotic and psychopathic disorders, training for work with a high level of mental stress. Treatment: bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis, ulcerous stomach disease and duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, colitis, Riley-Day syndrome, psychogenic cardiac abnormalities, arterial hypertension, functional cephalalgia, cephalalgia of tension, sleep disturbance, sleeplessness.

Bioresonance therapy is a trend of modern medicine (generally in Germany, where it is called “unmedical treatment methods”), that concedes the existence of so called “scale of frequencies” for vivid organism’s tissues, and also the possibility to get the therapeutic effect with special “resonance” interaction of proven physical (electromagnetic) or not proved (torsion) fields with biological objects. Admirers of this method affirm, that well-known method of attainment waves’ action on biological objects (for example human organism) could be used to treat a lot of diseases. Clinical researches, using the method of double blind control, which lets exclude the placebo effect, does not confirm the effectivenessof the bioresonance therapy.

Electropuncture diagnostic methods (equipment: “МИТ-1 ЭПД” – the computer diagnostic variant, “Z-10” – manual).

Riodorak method was proposed by Nаcatani (1950). Its principle is an electroconductivity measurement of symmetrical points (links and right on riodorak lines). Skin electric conduction depends first of all on state of the sympathetic part of vegetative nervous system, trunk brain structure and reticular formation. The number of riodorak lines coincides with number of meridians - 12, and Nаcatani called them “Riodorak lines”, he gave the number to each line and marked with letters “H” or “F” (from English hand and feet). There is a representative measuring point (links and right) on each meridian, which makes possible to rate the meridian in whole.

The majority of such points (source points of definite meridian) are on areas of the wrist joint and foot. The heat-sensitive diagnostic test Akabane is close to the riodorak methodology. The Falls Method was introduced in 1953 (R. Voll, 1974, 1981). One defines the “potential of answer’s reaction” for each point pending the action of the current with strength 1.5-12 mA and with voltage 1.5-3 volt.

The diagnosis is based on equipment’s datum – speed and time of indicator deflections (“phenomena of pointer fall” and certain datum of equipment’s scale in standard units). The studies of datum were made according 12 basic classical and 8 new Falls’ meridians. This method can not only to find the defective organ, but also to see the nature of the process (inflammatory, moronic), and in which tissues the process is more active (connective tissue, adipose tissue, neural tissue, vascular tissue and so on). Last years the Falls Method is used for medicamental testing (adjustment of drugs), detection of allergens and for the nosological diagnosis (aetiological). Thanks to its noninvasiveness, painlessness, absolute safety and high information value this method is more often used in medical practice. The most popular medical methods among patients are those different methods of alternative medicine, which work with vegetable, mineral (or telluric, from Latin tellus – “earth”) and animal origin substances.

Million years ago man lived in a world of nature, a lot of plants surrounded him, and something always flowered among these plants. It was in a spontaneous contact with animals, birds and fishes. The system of flora and fauna relations is still genetically strong, and maybe these relations identify our behavior nowadays. The modern phytophytic, floristics and phototherapy come to this point (I.Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1995). Fauna therapy (treatment by the representatives of fauna) has alike theory.

THERAPEUTIC METHODS AND agentS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN

Table 4.1.1. Indications for application depending on the principal effect.

Enotherapy is a traditional method of treatment in such wine-making countries as France, Italy, Rumania, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia. An intake of wine does not cause negative influence upon organism, on condition that feeding is balanced, when a dose for men is 5-7 % and for women 2-4 % of a caloric value of a day ration. Medical traditions of domestic enotherapywere founded in 1930’s. Prescriptions of wine were a part of domestic clinical pharmacopeia.In the time of existence of the Soviet Union a medicinal role of wine was proved in the period of World War II, when wine was an obligatory drink of the dietary intake and was regarded as medicinal and dietic agent in hospitals and sanatoria of the Caucasus, where wounded soldiers were sent for medical treatment. The last mentions of the scientists about the medical intake of wine refer just to that period. Henceforth, an interest of the official medicine to wine as to the therapeutic agent passed because of the development of pharmacology, appearance of a great number of high-performance drugs with narrow-directive effect, and because of the realization of complication and large scale of problems, which were caused by alcohol intake. Meanwhile, wine possesses marked antitoxic, antiradiational, antisclerotic, bacteriostatic and other valuable medicinal properties. Wine is a strong bioenergetic, energy, general health-improving drink because of a favorable combination of different substances. It improves person’s vital activity. The experts of WHOadmitted that it is relatively harmless for one’s health to drink 8 liters of pure alcohol per year. Gronbaek M. et al. ascertained in 1994 that wine is conventionally harmless for one’s health, an amount of wine is 1-6 portions per week (1 portion – 130 -150 ml). Intake of wine activates weight-and-sympathetic system and amplifies salivation, discharge of digestive juices, endocrine secretion and, naturally, improves digestion. Wine can retain pH of gastric juice on a normal level, because of its buffer property. The acidity of wine is analogous to the acidity of gastric juice (pH – 2.5-3.5), therefore table wines, aperitifs, especially promote protein digestion. Tartaric acid disturbs digestive glands and amplifies appetite; malic acid is of importance in metabolism, biological oxidation. Red wines contain lactic acid, which also is an element of metabolism. Wine has an influence upon bowels and gives a mild laxative action, which is characteristic for white wines as contrasted to red wines, rich in tannins. Wine has choleretic properties, which depend on Rochelle salt and glycerol content. That’s why wine promotes a bile flow. Exerting influence on kidneys, wine brings on a mild diuretic action (because of potassium salts). Disturbing respiratory center (especially sparkling wines), wine promotes ventilation of lungs. Exerting influence on cardiovascular system, wine dilates vessels, prevents thrombus formation, atheromatosis plaques formation, lowers the risk of development of stenocardia and infarction, has antioxidant properties.

Indications for grape and wine treatment: asthenic affects, lung diseases (initial form of tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma), metabolism diseases – podagra, anaemia, atherosclerosis, immunodeficiency states, oncological diseases, irradiation syndromes, viral and bacterial infections.

Contraindications: pancreatic diabetes, ulcers and diseases of the oral cavity, stomach and intestines, decompensated valvular diseases, hypertension, adiposis.

Also a special line of grape non-alcoholic beverages was worked out (“Enoant”, “Vin-vita” etc.). Grape processing products are leaves, crests, peel, seeds etc., which are successfully used in medical cosmetology in different SPA-programs.

THERAPEUTIC METHODS AND agentS OF MINERAL ORIGIN.

Clay treatment is usage of clay for treatment. Clays are fine-dispersed basic sediments, which consist of the smallest crystalline particles of clay minerals and organic matters. Rich clays without sand impurity are used for treatment. This treatment mode is characterized by selective ion exchange and sampling sorption of clay substance, which improves blood circulation of skin and mucous tunics and raise their tonus. Such processes as regenerative processes stimulation, energy metabolism stabilization and fat balance normalization are observed. Clay possesses drying, defatting properties and its mild local trophic action makes skin soft, flexible and elastic.

Medical effects: anti-inflammatory, desensitizing, resolving, trophic, detoxicant. The kinds of the clay treatment: external (local and general applications, clay water baths), internal (the usage of clay as enterosorbent, clysis).

Indications: locomotor system diseases (arthrosis and arthritises, polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis, osteochondrosis, traumas); infantile cerebral paralysis; peripheral nervous system diseases; diseases of male and female genitals; skin diseases; chronic inflammatory diseases of oral cavity and ENT-organs; chronic gastritises, enteritises, colitis, meteorism; cosmetology.

Contraindications: cardiac decompensation of the 2^nd-3^rd degree; arterial hypertension of the 2^nd-3^rd degree, marked cerebral and heart atherosclerosis; progressing glaucoma; inclination for bleedings; the second half of pregnancy.

Psammotherapy is a treatment by heated sand. Washed, dried, shifted sand is heated to 115-120ºC and mixed with cold dry sand. The influence upon the body is generally realized by means of heat: body temperature rises, hyperhidrosis is observed, pulse and breathing become faster. Peculiarities of action: spasmolytic, vasodilating, resolving.

Indications: chronic joints diseases, peripheral nervous system diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases of small pelvis’ organs, obesity.

Contraindications: common for heat treatment.

Stone therapy is a spa-procedure which is based on massage with hot or cold stones. It leads to activization of skin tubules and capillaries, lessening of venous blood congestion, and total relaxing effect. Stones, which are generally used: basalt stones, which formed during volcanic eruptions and further sedimentary activity; marble stones, from sediments of limestone, sea stones, from limestone sediments, which have been burnished by seawater; semiprecious minerals – amethyst, jasper, tiger's eye, calaite etc. This method,as a separate branch of cosmetology, appeared in 1990’s in the USA. It was officially recognized by beauty salons, worldwide medical and SPA-centers.

Indications: muscle and ligament strain; local muscle tension; contractures; muscle atrophy; acute bursitis (inflammation of periarticular bursa); algogenic scars; varix dilatation; subcutaneous hemorrhage; headache; menstrual pain; solar burn; sting.

Contra-indications: lack of heat sensitiveness, pregnancy, diabetes, deep venous thrombosis, acute infectious diseases and acute condition of any chronic disease, other general contra-indications for massage and physioprocedures.

THERAPEUTIC METHODS AND agentS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

Hirudotherapy is the treatment with the help of leeches. Therapeutic effect of medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) is combined. The leech, which bites, causes local capillary bleeding. This bleeding can eliminate venous congestion and increase blood supply of a certain part of the body. Besides, there are substances (hirudin, hyaluronidases, antibiotics, analgesics etc.) which penetrate into blood and have anaesthetic and anti-inflammatory effect. It leads to blood-microcirculation improvement, probability of thromboses lessens, reduction of edema. The reflexogenous effect is also provided. Hirudotherapy is used against various diseases. Earlier only essential hypertension with increased hemocoagulation and trombophlebitis of various etiologies were the only evidences of hiruditherapy’s usefulness. But today there are many descriptions of hiruditherapy’s usage as the independent or combined method of treatment in urology (prostatitis, prostate adenoma, and urolithiasis), neurology (osteochondrosis, myositis, radiculitis, headaches and vertigos of any origin, intracranial hypertension, migraine, neuritis, neurosis, neuralgia, insomnia etc.), endocrinology (pancreatic diabetes, thyroid gland diseases, obesity), dermatovenereology (psoriasis, neurodermatitis, eczema, calefacient eruption), cardiology (atherosclerosis, stenocardia, cardiosclerosis, hypertension), pulmonology (chronic diabetes, bronchial asthma), gastroenterology (hepatosis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, gastritis, duodenitis), rheumatology (atrophic arthritis, scleroderma, periarteritis), surgery (trombophlebitis, varix dilatation), gynecology (chronic salpingoophoritis, metroendometritis, adenomyosis, bartholinitis, colpitis, menstrual cycle disorders, algodismenorrhea, climacteric syndrome), proctology (haemorrhoids), ENT-diseases (otitus, cochlear neuritis, chronic sensory poor hearing). Contra-indications: haemophilia, serious degree of anaemia, hemorrhagic diathesis, persistent hypotension, pregnancy, individual intolerance.

Apiotherapy is the general name for all methods of treatment, in which the products of beekeeping are used. The treatment with the help of bee-bites is mostly understood under apiotherapy, but there are some other methods, e.g. drugs made of dead bees and transformed apitoxin. Many researches, which prove the usefulness of apiculture products and their healing healing properties, were made. There are very rare cases when person has allergic reaction to honey, propolis, apitoxin, royal jelly or ambrosia. In most cases these products are excellent alternative to pills and surgical procedures. Bee-bite causes reddening and hydrops, which disappear in 2-3 days. The sting is not pulled out for about an hour when treating with the help of bee-bites (sting of a bee sticks in a person’s skin and tears of together with stinging apparatus, from which comes apitoxin; at the same time the bee dies). Apitoxin intensifies the strength of haemoglobin, reduces the viscosity and coagulation of blood, reduces the quantity of cholesterin in blood, increases diuresis, dilates tubules, increases blood supply to bad organ, anesthetizes, increases tone and efficiency, makes the sleep and appetite better. Still there are some contra-indications to usage of apiotherapy (kidney diseases, tuberculosis etc).

Ippotherapy (therapeutic riding) is a therapeutic riding on a horse. It is powerful traditional medical method. It is used against somatic and psychic diseases. This method is also used to help those who suffered a catastrophe but already don’t have frank consequences of the accident. It can be used against cardiac, gastrointestinal and other diseases. The salutary effect of a ride and communication with horses is known since olden times. Even antique healer Hippocrates mentioned that sick people, who ride a horse, recover faster and better. Indications to ippotherapy are: autism, infantile cerebral paralysis, development delay, Down's syndrome, state after disorder of blood circulation, incorrect posture (scoliosis).

Koumiss treatment is the method, which is also connected with medicinal properties of horses. Koumiss is a sour-milk drink made of mare’s milk. Koumiss is the only medicinal factor in the steppe natural zone. It contains essential amines, unsaturated fatty acids, lactose (which stimulates synthesis of group B vitamins and vital activity of Bifidobacterium flora in the bowels), lysozyme (which has bactericidal action) and amylase. These elements increase hydrolysis of food substances, which come, easily assimilate and activate debilitated patients’ metabolism. In addition, lactic acid and carbon dioxide stimulate gastric secretion. Koumiss-enriched diets restore architectonics of mucous coat of stomach and sorptive properties of brush bordering. They also increase synthesis of intestinal histohormones, parietal digestion and nutritive absorption. After course of koumiss treatment patient’s body weight increases by 2-7 kilos. Combined effect of steppe climate and koumiss leads to resorption of tuberculous infiltrations, compaction of niduses.

The usage of medicinal effects of dogs and other domestic animals’. Method was described in 1981 by E. Smith and M. Winn. They noted that communication of chronic somatic patients with dogs leads to their amelioration. Therapeutic effect of dogs and a number of other domestic animals against somatic pathology lies in the so-called “early to bed and early to rise” rhythm, which is connected with animals. This rhythm is the contrary to another one, which is typical for depressions (early to bed and wake up late or to keep bad hours). One of the reasons of positive change of rhythm is the influence of sunlight, which stimulates the synthesis of melatonin, during early hours. The feeding of the animals leads to elimination of anxiety, as far as feeding of a pet 2-3 times a day structures meal of the owner. It is very important because the reason of gastroenterological psychomatic disorders is often based on conversion anxiety. As the lower creature it demands the deviant behavior, the pet considerably influences on the “domination- submission” balance. It is important in the cases of neurotic disorders and teenager’s insufficient self-appraisal. The principle of command over pet itself is peculiar behavioral principle of improvement of one’s own dominance, because the patient at last has the object, which he can control no matter that he has to take care of it.

Dolphinotherapy is the medical method, which presupposes the usage of bottle-nosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). This method hasn’t got its total explanation yet. According to the diffused opinion the dolphin is the source of ultrasonic sounds, which have physiotherapeutic effect. In order to communicate with each other dolphins produce communicative signals: whistle, barking, mewing, clapping etc. The signal frequency is equal to 7-20 kHz. For prey searching and orientation under water they produce ultrasonic clicking, which reminds squeaking of rusty door hinges. The frequency of this sound is equal to 20-170 kHz. It is much more difficult to describe psychotherapeutic component of dolphinotherapy, because this therapy, just like any other type of psychotherapy, is unrealizable without positive emotional contact with patient. The use of dolphins is conditioned by their unique natural properties, which induce the “positive cultural shock” effect: high intelligence, rare physical qualities and particular comradeship with human. Dolphinotherapy is used for complex treatment of Down’s syndrome, infantile cerebral paralysis, sensorineural deafness of high degree, and patients with boundary forms of neuropsychic disorders (neuroses, posttraumatic stress disorders, delay of speech and mental development, early infantile autism). Contra-indications: epilepsy; acute infectious diseases; oncologic diseases and other standard contra-indications for rehabilitation treatment at sanitary and resort establishments. Dolphinotherapy is complementary for medicamentous and physical therapy. It can be used in combination with other rehabilitation methods.

Method of biological feedback is not pharmacological method of treatment, which presupposes the usage of special equipment for registration, amplification and demonstration of information about the work of patient’s viscera and systems on the basis of bioelectric activity of brain, heart, different muscles and respiratory organs. With the help of supermodern computer technologies and patented programs we have got unique possibility to see and hear the work of ours viscera and then on basis of this information doctor, from the point of view of physiology, teaches his patients how to provide their viscera with perfect working conditions. Due to this information patient can exercise in the optimal way. Patient learns how to control his breathing, bronchi lumen, pulse, blood pressure, muscle activity, psycho emotional state. The control over organism is the revolutionary breakthrough into a closed sphere of human possibilities – the sphere conscious control over health mechanism. The patient after training course of biological feedback successfully masters the skills of self-control and self-perfection, which can be used in everyday life and at work. The first stage of biological feedback procedure includes computerized diagnostics of organism with simultaneous registration of ECG, electromyogram, EEG and estimation of concordance measure of respiratory and cardiovascular systems functionality, muscular tonus, quantitative analysis of bioelectric brain activity, spare capacities of organism and adaptive potential. Further the therapeutic sessions of biological feedback on basis of developed algorithm are held. This methodology presupposes 10-20 sessions of biological feedback.

Method of biological feedback is used in prophylaxis of healthy people for maintenance of high working capacity, improvement of mental activity, elimination of fatigue and overfatigue signs, elimination of tension, anxiety and uneasiness, prevention from development of stress, neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, and preparation for work with high level of neuropsychic tension. Method of biological feedback is also used for treatment of bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis, ulcerous disease of stomach and duodenum, chronic gastritis, colitis, vegetative dysfunction, psychogenic disorders of cardiac rate, arterial hypertension, headache and sleep disturbance.

I.Z. Samosiuk, V.V.Yezhov, V.P. Lysenyuk, Y.I. Andriyashek, T.P. Lutay